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- @103 CHAP ZZ
-
- ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │CHOICE OF ENTITY: REAL ESTATE RENTAL BUSINESSES│
- └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- For many years, small businesses investing in income property
- (real estate rental property) have tended to avoid the
- corporate form, either using partnerships or holding such
- real estate in sole proprietorships. The main reasons for
- this tendency were that:
-
- . A C corporation cannot pass through tax losses to
- individual shareholders;
-
- . Tax losses could be better utilized by the
- individual than a C corporation, since individual
- tax rates were generally higher;
-
- . S corporations were not desirable for passing
- through losses, since deductible losses were
- limited to the shareholders' basis for their stock
- (plus the basis of loans they made to the corporation),
- whereas an individual or partner could count as part
- of his or her basis the mortgage on the real property;
-
- . The limitations on "passive losses" for individuals
- did not exist until the Tax Reform Act of 1986; and
-
- . Since 1982, S corporations have been subject to a
- corporate level tax on "excess net passive income"
- where passive income (including rents, no matter
- how "actively" the property is managed) exceeds
- 25% of gross income. (The special definition of
- "excess net passive income" for S corporations is
- unrelated to and not at all similar to the '86 Act
- definitions of passive activity income or loss
- that relate to virtually all types of taxpayers.)
-
- In recent years, most of these ground rules have changed,
- so that corporations, particularly S corporations, are now
- much better candidates for holding real estate. Since the
- passive loss rules now either prohibit passive losses
- (except to the extent of income from passive activities)
- or limit losses from rental real estate to $25,000 a year
- for an individual (phasing out for persons with adjusted
- gross incomes between $100,000 and $150,000), the need for
- a lot of "tax basis" to support huge real estate losses is
- much less of a problem, so an S corporation may be quite
- suitable, even though cumulative losses are limited to a
- shareholder's basis for his or her stock plus loans made
- to the corporation by the shareholder.
-
- Perhaps even more important, a C corporation (other than
- a personal service corporation) is either not subject to
- the passive loss limitations, or, in the case of a "closely
- held C corporation," can offset such losses against "net
- active income" (but not against portfolio income such as
- interest or dividends). Thus, where large tax losses are
- expected for a number of years, a C corporation may be able
- to take such losses as deductions where another entity
- could not.
-
- However, a C corporation holding rental real estate still
- has some major disadvantages. One is that when the income
- property becomes profitable, the profit will be taxed at
- the corporate level and if the property appreciates in
- value, or even maintains a value beyond its (depreciated)
- tax basis, there will ultimately be additional tax to pay,
- if or when the corporation is liquidated someday in the future.
- This additional tax would include any capital gain on the
- stock held in the company at time of liquidation, plus capital
- gains on appreciated real estate in the corporation, and
- ordinary income ("depreciation recapture") on depreciation
- deductions taken over a period of years by the company.
- @IF167xx]As a company engaged in real estate rental operations, you
- @IF167xx]could find yourself in a very serious tax trap someday if
- @IF167xx]@NAME were to become a C corporation.
- @IF167xx]
- @IF167xx]Fortunately, this does not now appear to be a problem for
- @IF167xx]@NAME, currently a @ENTITY.
-
- Another disadvantage of operating as a C corporation is
- that the rental income may be considered "personal holding
- company" income, subject to a 39.6% penalty tax if not
- distributed, if the company has significant amounts of other
- "personal holding company income" of other types, such as
- dividends and interest. (If 50% or more of a company's
- "adjusted ordinary gross income" is considered "adjusted
- income from rents," the rental income itself won't cause a
- problem, but even in that case it must distribute any other
- kinds of personal holding company income, such as interest
- or dividends, that exceed 10% of "ordinary gross income.")
- @IF166xx](This, however, will not be a consideration in the case of
- @IF166xx]your business -- although yours is a C corporation, it will
- @IF166xx]not be considered a "personal holding company," since you
- @IF166xx]have indicated that no 5 individuals control over 50% of the
- @IF166xx]stock of @NAME.)
-
- Thus, on balance, it is now hard to make any blanket statement
- as to which type of entity is best for holding rental real
- estate. Using a corporation should no longer be ruled out
- under present law, especially an S corporation that elects S
- status in its first tax year and thus is exempt from the
- special tax on "excessive passive income." Holding real
- property in a corporation may now make very good sense,
- depending upon your particular situation. This is a very
- complex decision that, in most cases, should be made only
- after consulting a competent tax accountant or tax attorney,
- however.
- @IF118xx]
- @IF118xx]PLANNING POINT FOR @NAME:
- @IF118xx]┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- @IF118xx]│As an S corporation, be sure that if the corporation has │
- @IF118xx]│passive income, like dividends, interest, rents or royalties,│
- @IF118xx]│that you obtain competent tax advice as to whether or not │
- @IF118xx]│the special tax on "excessive passive income" is applicable │
- @IF118xx]│to your company. You may be exempt from it, but.... │
- @IF118xx]│ │
- @IF118xx]│The tax consequences of not knowing could be most unpleasant.│
- @IF118xx]└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- On balance, the author of this program is of the view that
- keeping real estate out of a C corporation will continue to
- be advisable in most situations, but that holding rental
- property in an S corporations is now virtually on a par with
- holding it individually or in a partnership, at least in the
- case of a new S corporation that is not subject to the
- special S corporation tax on "excessive net passive income."
-
- Even more attractive for holding rental real estate, in
- many cases, is the "limited liability company" (LLC) entity,
- which offers partnership pass-through tax treatment, coupled
- with the limited liability benefits of a corporation. Every
- state has now adopted LLC laws. In addition, most states now
- allow partnerships to register to become "limited liability
- partnerships" (LLPs), which, like LLCs, are generally treated
- the same as regular partnerships for tax purposes. However,
- there are a number of unresolved and complex tax issues
- having to do with deductibility of losses that may provide
- some uncertainty if an LLC or LLP is used to hold rental
- real estate, where tax losses are being generated. Because
- LLCs and LLPs are relatively new entities, not all of these
- tax wrinkles have been worked out yet.
-
- ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │BOTTOM LINE RECOMMENDATION: UNDER CURRENT TAX LAWS,│
- │INCORPORATING RENTAL REAL ESTATE COULD NOW MAKE SENSE,│
- │ALTHOUGH THIS WAS RARELY TRUE BEFORE THE 1986 ACT. IN│
- │PARTICULAR, S CORPORATIONS ARE NOW FREQUENTLY A VIABLE│
- │CHOICE FOR HOLDING RENTAL PROPERTIES. BUT CONSULT│
- │YOUR TAX ADVISER BEFORE INCORPORATING YOUR PROPERTIES!│
- │ │
- │ALSO, GIVE STRONG CONSIDERATION TO USING AN LLC OR LLP│
- │TO HOLD RENTAL REAL ESTATE, AS THESE NEW ENTITIES MAY│
- │OFFER THE BEST OVERALL TAX RESULTS AS WELL AS THE SAME│
- │DEGREE OF PROTECTION FROM CREDITORS AS CORPORATIONS. │
- └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘